Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nanoenergy, Environment & Safety, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: This work demonstrates the development of a nanomaterials-based biofuel cell for harvesting energy from plant-derived glucose. A three dimensional-printed structure coated with carbon paste and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was functionalized with glucose oxidase at the anode and laccase at the cathode. The cell achieved an open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.55 V and delivered an average power density of 0.7 μW cm-2. To operate an ultra-low-power microcontroller, approximately 15 interconnected cells would be required. This study establishes a foundation for sustainable, in situ energy harvesting from plants to power sensors designed for real-time plant health monitoring.

Keywords: Nanomaterials
Abstract: The work focuses on the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors incorporating nano-fillers of praseodymium oxide (PrO2) and co-doped with magnesium oxide (MgO)/strontium oxide (SrO). The cost-effective and environment-friendly solution combustion synthesis technique was employed for the synthesis process. The addition of nanofillers caused a reduction of grain size, leading to a surge in breakdown voltage. Specifically, the grain size was observed to be 29.6 nm with praseodymium oxide, 37.08 nm with co-doped magnesium oxide, and 28.57 nm with strontium oxide. Analytical examinations confirmed the purity and crystallinity of all samples. The electrical characteristics study revealed that co-doping with praseodymium and magnesium oxide/strontium oxide dopants contributed to a significant increase in breakdown voltage. For pure ZnO, the breakdown voltage achieved was 320 V. Upon examining the electrical characteristics and introducing co-doping with praseodymium and magnesium oxide/strontium oxide dopants, a substantial increase in breakdown voltage was observed, reaching 3948 V, 3616 V and 2916 V, respectively. The varistor pellet sample co-doped with praseodymium oxide and magnesium oxide exhibited a non-linear coefficient of 25. This indicates excellent varistor performance, showcasing the enhanced operational capabilities with the introduction of dopants. This research highlights the potential of these synthesized ZnO varistors for improved electrical performance, opening avenues for applications in various electronics and electrical systems.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Modeling & Simulation, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems
Abstract: Abstract—Error-free communication and data compression are paramount in modern electronic devices. Error detection and correction mechanisms are vital to ensure data integrity. This study focuses on the design and implementation of a powerefficient Hamming counter using carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology for low-power error detection applications. We propose a novel Hamming counter design. This CNTFET-based Hamming counter is implemented, and its power consumption and delay characteristics are compared against a counterpart of a 4 nm CMOS-based Hamming counter. Furthermore, the power-delay product and temperature analysis of the proposed CNTFET-based design are investigated to evaluate its suitability for low-power applications. The simulation results demonstrate the potential of CNTFET technology in the realization of energy-efficient and high-performance error detection circuits for portable electronic systems.

Keywords: Modeling & Simulation, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanomaterials
Abstract: We propose a design to investigate a new type of TFET with dual Extended source double gate TFET (DES-DG-TFET). In this proposed novel structure, two rectangular shape sources are extended into the channel. Synopsys TCAD tool is used to simulate two dimensional devices to study and analyze the performance parameter of the proposed new structure. The structure has improved DC performance parameter like lower ambipolar current with order of 3.3×10-14 A/μm, low subthreshold swing of value 17.4mV/dec, high ION/IOFF ratio of order 1010 and increased ON current of value 2.3×10-4A/μm. Thus proposed DES-DG-TFET structure one of the promising candidate for extremely low power applications in AI chips.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: This study presents a flexible, self-healing electrode developed using a PEDOT: PSS-based ink formulation for future integration into flexible sensors. The ink, due to its high viscosity, was applied onto oxygen plasma-treated polyethylene terephthalate substrates using a screen-printing technique. The electrodes were subjected to repeated mechanical scratching under a constant applied voltage of 0.2 V. A detailed layer-by-layer analysis revealed that increasing the number of ink layers improved self-healing behavior, although with diminishing returns beyond a certain point. For instance, the five-layer configuration failed to stabilize even after 1000 seconds post-damage. In contrast, the two-layer electrode demonstrated the most reliable performance, with minimal current variation after repeated cuts and a fast recovery time, highlighting the importance of layer optimization. Overall, the results emphasize the potential of this self-healing electrode system for use in wearable sensors, particularly in healthcare and agricultural applications. Its flexibility, durability, and low-maintenance characteristics make it well-suited for operation in dynamic, high-stress environments.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nanorobotics & Nanomanufacturing
Abstract: Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are gaining momentum as sustainable nanomaterials capable of replacing petrochemical-based products, thanks to their biodegradability, low toxicity, high mechanical strength, low density, and large surface area. Their versatility makes them suitable for a wide array of applications, including advanced composites, flexible electronics, energy storage, tissue engineering, drug delivery, food packaging, etc. However, the nanomanufacturing of CNCs at a commercially viable scale remains a challenge due to high production costs and environmental concerns associated with traditional wood-based feedstocks and sulfuric acid-intensive processes. This study presents a commercially viable nanomanufacturing approach using Miscanthus x. giganteus (MxG), a high-yield perennial grass. Two critical stages of the CNC production process – biomass-to-cellulose pulp conversion and sulfuric acid hydrolysis – were systematically optimized. Notably, MxG required no pretreatment prior to pulping, yet produced high-purity cellulose pulp with significantly improved yield. The hydrolysis step was also optimized to operate at lower acid concentrations while achieving CNC yields exceeding 90% (w/w), maintaining material quality comparable to or better than wood-based processes. This optimized method significantly reduces chemical usage, processing time, and environmental impact, while increasing yield and cost efficiency. Techno-economic analysis estimates a minimum selling price of 12/kg for CNCs produced via this process, with favorable payback and profit margins. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a sustainable, scalable, and commercially viable nanomanufacturing pathway for CNCs, establishing a foundation for pilot-scale implementation and industrial production.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems
Abstract: This paper presents the development and characterization of a chemiresistive gas sensor based on a metal-oxide heterojunction, specifically designed for the detection of isoprene—a key volatile organic compound emitted from soil due to microbial activity in the rhizosphere. The sensor employs an In₂O₃/ZnO thin film coating, synthesized to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity toward isoprene while maintaining a relatively low operating temperature of 190 °C. The sensor has a sensitivity of 0.001 Ω/ppm, which denotes 0.001 Ω of resistance change in response to 1ppm of isoprene. Compared to conventional In₂O₃-based sensors, which typically require higher temperatures for activation, the incorporation of ZnO forms a heterojunction that increases the density of activated charge carriers and enhances the adsorption–desorption kinetics of gas molecules on the sensor surface. Morphological and elemental characterization of the sensing layer confirm the presence of the target metal oxides. The sensor is also tested for continuous monitoring of isoprene emitted from agricultural soil samples. Detecting isoprene emissions from soil holds significant agricultural relevance, as it serves as an indirect indicator of microbial activity and root-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Monitoring these emissions can provide insights into soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant stress responses, enabling better-informed decisions in precision agriculture.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanomaterials, Fundamentals and applications of nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and other low dimensional materials
Abstract: In the pursuit of energy-saving electronics, TFETs have become a game-changer, solving the inherent problems of traditional MOSFETs in sub-1V operational point. In contrast to MOSFETs based on thermionic emission, TFETs take advantage of quantum mechanical BTBT, allowing sub-60 mV/decade SS and near-zero IOFF. This review integrates progress in TFET designs, with a focus on innovations including heterojunction structures using III-V/2D materials to enhance tunneling currents, and structural changes like gate-all-around and nanowire geometries to eliminate ambipolarity. The article critically analyzes material-based advances, such as TMDC and graphene-based heterostructures, which offer atomic-scale thickness and bandgap tunability for greater electrostatic control. The overview discusses TFETs' potential in ultra-low-power applications such as biomedical sensors, edge computing, and IoT, where their leakage and voltage scalability provide disruptive potential.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanofabrication, Fundamentals and applications of nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and other low dimensional materials
Abstract: We demonstrate a simple, low-cost, and effective approach to deposit semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) on silicon wafers using dielectrophoresis (DEP). With a teeth-shaped gold electrode design, CNTs can be actively captured and aligned across narrow electrode gaps, forming well-ordered nanoscale bridges. Dielectrophoresis proves highly effective for the site-specific deposition of CNTs, enabling scalable and reproducible placement across multiple device sites. A range of CNT concentrations was explored, with optimization of solution preparation steps such as sonication and centrifugation. The CNTs were selectively deposited at regions of high electric field intensity, confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), showing controlled alignment and bridging behavior. CNTs exhibit a 75.6% success rate (based on 5 structures, each containing 9 electrode fingers) in covering electrode gaps under optimized conditions. Electrical measurements revealed a significant drop in resistance after CNT deposition, indicating successful formation of conduction pathways. In future work, the deposited CNTs will be used as semiconducting channels in CNTFETs for ternary logic circuits.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanoenergy, Environment & Safety
Abstract: Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as effective energy harvesting devices for flexible and wearable electronics. In this study, high performance flexible TENG devices with solution processed P(VDF-TrFE) as a electronegative material with polyamide (PI) as electropositive material and substrate. Under constant mechanical force, the TENG device produced high values of open-circuit voltage (~160 V) and short-circuit current (~6 µA). Further, the capability of monitoring diverse human physiological signals such as bending, tapping, and joint movement by these devices was successfully demonstrated along with energy harvesting capabilities by seamlessly integrating these devices into various body parts. Moreover, these devices exhibited effective charging of capacitors, highlighting their potential for sustainable energy harvesting and powering low-energy wearable electronics, indication dual funcationality. This work offers an economical, scalable, and practical approach for developing TENG-based devices for future flexible electronics, self-powered wellness monitoring, and energy harvesting systems.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: Complex manufacturing processes, high costs, and limited sensing areas of conventional humidity sensors highlight the need for simple fabrication processes, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly alternatives. In this work, we fabricated humid-ity sensors based on cellulose using a solution-processed method. Paper is derived from the cellulose as a flexible substrate and functionalized with an additional cellulose layer as humidity-sensing material significantly enhancing the device's sensing performance. Fabricated sensors demonstrate rapid response and recovery times of ~0.9 & 1.0 seconds for nose breathing and ~0.9 & 1.5 seconds for mouth breathing, respectively. Moreover, the inherent flexi-bility and biocompatibility of both the cellulose layer and paper substrate make these sensors highly suitable for health monitoring applications. This fabrication approach offers a promising pathway for advancing sustainable, high-performance humidity sensor technology.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems
Abstract: The rapidly increasing demand for energy-efficient, scalable, and high-density embedded memory is driving a paradigm shift toward monolithic three-dimensional integration, where heterogeneous architectures based on emerging materials play a central role. Two-dimensional semiconductors, with their atomic thickness, tunable electronic properties, and compatibility with back-end-of-line processing, are promising candidates for realizing next-generation memory and logic technologies. In this talk, I will present our recent progress on vacancy-engineered WSe₂ memtransistors and their potential in enabling monolithic 3D integration. By systematically probing the physical mechanisms underlying vacancy-based switching, we demonstrate how controlled defect engineering leads to low-power operation, enhanced switching reliability, and improved scalability that are key attributes for practical memory adoption. Beyond device-level performance, I will discuss the advantages of large-scale solution-processable 2D materials, which enable low-temperature fabrication compatible with existing CMOS infrastructure. Such approaches open opportunities for seamless integration of memory and logic at the back end of the manufacturing line. Additionally, I will cover our efforts in developing solution-processable p-type MOS devices via controllable charge-transfer doping in WSe₂/WOx heterostructures, which provide new avenues for enabling complementary device platforms with 2D semiconductors. Finally, I will outline the critical challenges that remain, including precise defect control, large-scale material-device integration, and system-level co-optimization strategies. Addressing these issues will be essential to fully exploit the promise of 2D materials in constructing heterogeneous, energy-efficient computing architectures for future monolithic 3D integration.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Modeling & Simulation, Quantum, Neuromorphic & Unconventional Computing
Abstract: This paper presents a simulation-based model comparison on the gate, drain and transconductance characteristics of depletion-type AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) with varying quantum wells (QWs) and graded Aluminium composition in the barrier layers. GaN-based HEMTs have emerged as strong candidates for high-power and high-frequency applications due to their superior material properties. The study focuses on comparing devices with 3, 4, and 5 QWs, both with simple and graded AlGaN barriers. Grading enhances the carrier confinement, which leads to improvements in ID saturation, VTH shift. The results demonstrate that graded QWS structures outperform simple ones, particularly in terms of ID and VTH modulation.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: This brief report discusses diamagnetically levitated graphite samples, and their internal resonances excited with an ac magnetic field. The center-of-gravity motion of levitated samples had a few Hz oscillation frequencies corresponding to an effective Hooke’s constant of 53 uN/m for ~ 1.35 mg sample (volume ~ 5.97x1e-4 cm3) levitated by 4 rare earth magnets with 250 mT surface flux density. In the presence of an external ac magnetic flux density, the diamagnetic force on the graphite was modulated leading to the excitation of its eigenmodes with different mode shapes. A laser Doppler anemometer was used to measure the excitation of a 2 mm radius graphite with 198 um and 185 um thicknesses with the lowest excitation modes at 61.5 kHz and at 57.6 kHz, respectively. These frequencies and mode shapes match eigenmodes simulated with COMSOL. When replaced with sextuple and duodecuple levitating fields, magnitudes of higher-order excitation modes around 260 kHz were enhanced. Different materials including 3 um iron particles, 50 nm diamond particles, and 90 um fluorescent beads were placed on the levitated graphite without collapsing the levitation gap.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics
Abstract: Surface plasmon resonance sensor (SPR) based on Kretschmann’s configuration has attracted the researcher's attention in the field of biosensing applications, especially for human disease detection, for its performance and accuracy. In this paper, we have proposed a material-based novel SPR structure, such as SK10 prism/adhesive TiO2/Ag/Perovskite/CsGeI3/Ta2O5/SM to detect Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the visible range of wavelength and consider the operating wavelength of 633 nm. The proposed SPR structure thickness was optimized by observing the reflectance spectra and minimum reflectance value (towards zero). The suitable optimized thickness values of the metal silver (Ag) layer and sensitivity enhancement Ta2O5 layer are 45 nm and 1 nm. The finite element method (FEM) on the platform of COMSOL Multiphysics was used to observe the reflectance spectra at the diverse refractive indices of normal and Alzheimer’s diseases ranging from 1.404 to 1.452 for 150 μm thickness of brain tissue. Using the resonance angle, we have numerically evaluated the different performance parameters such as FWHM, sensitivity (S), quality factor (QF), figure of merit (FoM), limit of detection (LoD), and detection accuracy. The highest angular sensitivity and quality factor of 89.362 °/RIU and 38.850 1/RIU. Apart from that, we have checked the linearity of the proposed SPR sensor using the fitted line curve and obtained the average sensitivity of 89.0739 °/RIU, correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.99994, which indicates linearity. So, based on the observation of critical parameters, the performance of our proposed SPR sensor could identify AD from brain tissue.

Keywords: Nano-fluidics and integrated bio-chips, Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising biomarker for cancer hallmarks. EVs molecular fingerprints can be generated at the single vesicle level with our nanostructured platform harnessing Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) readout. However, effective spectral interpretation is often hindered by the heterogeneous and nanoscale nature of EVs. To mitigate this, we integrated dimensionality reduction techniques into our SERS library of single EV spectra and subsequently evaluated Deep Learning models by binary classification accuracy of two different types of cancer and comparative healthy controls. Resampling implementation significantly improved the binary accuracy of the cancer models by 10.7% and 8.2%, respectively.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanomaterials
Abstract: We report on the synthesis, fabrication, and optoelectronic characterization of a field-effect transistor (FET) based on a multilayer SnS2 flake. The device was fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of single crystals grown via chemical vapor transport and transferred onto SiO2/Si substrates. Electrical measurements under vacuum reveal nearly symmetric output curves, indicating low Schottky barriers, and an n-type behavior with an ON/OFF ratio ~100. Photodetection measurements under monochromatic laser illumination (from 420 to 800 nm) show a highly wavelength-dependent responsivity, peaking at ~100 A/W. Under ambient conditions the device behavior changes dramatically, showing strong asymmetry in output curves and increased hysteresis are observed due to oxygen-enhanced Schottky barriers and trap states. A power-law fitting of the photocurrent reveals α ≈ 1.23 in vacuum, indicative of efficient photogeneration, and α ≈ 0.63 in air, highlighting the role of trap-assisted processes. Time-resolved measurements reveal how this trap states induce gate-tunable persistent photoconductivity, which demonstrate the strong versatility of SnS2-based devices for tunable optoelectronic applications.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanomaterials
Abstract: The electrical and optoelectronic properties of a SnSe2-based field-effect transistor as a function of temperature and optical excitation are presented. The device was characterized electrically through output and transfer curves measurements in the temperature range of 220 K to 390 K. Transfer measurements confirm n-type conduction. Field-effect mobility, extracted from transfer curves, decreases from 53 to 46 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ with increasing temperature. To evaluate the photoresponse, the device was illuminated with a supercontinuum laser. The photocurrent exhibits sublinear dependence on optical power at low temperatures and long characteristic decay time, indicative of a photogating mechanism. Responsivity decreases with temperature, from 1.82 A/W at 220 K to 0.24 A/W at 390 K. The photocurrent dependence on light power becomes progressively more linear at higher temperatures, and a transition from photogating-dominated to photoconductive behavior occurs. The influence of gate voltage on photoresponse was further investigated. A slow decay time of the photocurrent at negative gate voltages confirms persistent photogating, which is mitigated at higher temperatures.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanomaterials, Nanofabrication
Abstract: We report the fabrication and characterization of suspended InAs nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) for optoelectronic memory applications. The devices were realized by depositing InAs nanowires onto a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sacrificial layer, followed by metal contact definition and PMMA removal to achieve a fully suspended architecture. Electrical measurements under high vacuum revealed n-type transistor behavior with good gate modulation and Ohmic contacts. Under laser illumination, the devices exhibited both positive and negative photoconductivity, depending on the gate bias, due to the interaction between photogenerated carriers and surface trap states. By exploiting the hysteretic transfer characteristics and the optical response, we demonstrated memory operation controlled by two independent variables: gate voltage and illumination condition. The device showed well-separated and stable current levels corresponding to different write–read–erase states, highlighting its potential as a multifunctional optoelectronic memory for future nanoelectronic circuits.

Keywords: Emerging Plasma Nanotechnologies, Nanometrology & Characterization, Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing for Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials and Nanodevices
Abstract: Incorporation of nanoparticles into films during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) significantly affects film structures and properties. In this study, we report the in-situ detection and control of nanoparticle incorporation into films using a multihollow discharge plasma CVD system. By systematically varying the discharge power, we observed pronounced hysteresis in both the deposition rate and the volume fraction of incorporated nanoparticles. This hysteresis arises from the memory effect of nanoparticles formed under previous plasma conditions, which persist and influence subsequent film growth. To monitor nanoparticle incorporation in real time, we employed a triple quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) setup, enabling the separation of deposition contributions from radicals and nanoparticles [1]. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to correlate optical emission intensity with radical generation rates. Our results reveal that the deposition rate and nanoparticle volume fraction exhibit nonlinear dependence on optical emission intensity, with significant hysteresis observed under low gas flow conditions. This behavior is attributed to the absorption of small nanoparticles and radicals by larger nanoparticles, which alters the deposition dynamics. We propose a model explaining the hysteresis based on nanoparticle size-dependent transport and absorption dynamics. These findings demonstrate that in-situ monitoring and control of nanoparticle behavior in plasma can be a powerful strategy for optimizing film structure and properties. [1] Y. Kim, K. Hatozaki, Y. Hashimoto, H. Seo, G. Uchida, K. Kamataki, N. Itagaki, K. Koga, M. Shiratani, In-situ measurements of cluster volume fraction in silicon thin films using quartz crystal microbalances, MRS Proc. 1426 (2012) 307.

Keywords: Emerging Plasma Nanotechnologies
Abstract: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films have been employed as protective films for dry etching processes. These films are required to have higher mass density and be thicker to improve the protective performance. However, thick films with high mass density involve more compressive stress which causes film delamination. Therefore, it is needed to reduce the compressive stress while maintaining those properties. Consequently, we achieved stress reduction of the film by inserting carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) between two a-C:H layers to form an a-C:H/CNP/a-C:H sandwich structure with a system of plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CNPs were generated with CH₄+Ar plasma. The size of CNPs can be controlled by the gas flow and the surface of coverage Cp of that can be varied by the discharge duration time [1]. We used transmission electron microscope (TEM) to measure these features of the CNPs and represented the stress reduction as a function of Cp; mean size of large CNPs, and thickness of the first and second a-C:H layers. Furthermore, the surface and film morphologies were examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, at Cp = 8.9 % and the thickness of the second a-C:H layer equal to the first layer thickness (154 nm), compressive stress dropped by 36 % compared to films without CNPs. We found that, by classifying the deposited CNPs into two size groups, the larger CNPs contributed to the stress reduction of films. In addition, AFM and cross-sectional SEM images show that, in films the second layer with the CNPs initially grows in a three-dimensional, subsequently, transitions to two-dimensional growth with smoother surfaces when the stress reduction starts. These results show that the insertion of CNPs between a-C:H films affect the stress reduction and the surface morphology of the second layer. Reference [1] S.H. Hwang et al, Processes 9 (2021) 2.

Keywords: Nano-biomedicine, Nanofabrication, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: We present an eye-inspired image sensor that mimics the spatial and spectral properties of human photoreceptors using a quasi-random color filter array (Q-CFA). Unlike conventional RGB sensors with periodic patterns, our design replicates the non-uniform distribution and broad spectral overlap of L, M, S cones and rods. The Q-CFA was designed using COMSOL and fabricated via photolithography and thin-film deposition. A neural network model was developed to perform demosaicing and full-color reconstruction. The system supports personalized mosaics based on individual cone data and can simulate color vision deficiencies, as demonstrated with a deuteranomaly case using an Ishihara plate. This eye-inspired image sensor holds great potential for studying visual perception and developing customized vision correction technologies.

Keywords: Nano-biomedicine, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: 慢性静脉功能不全 （CVI） 是普遍的较低 老年人和久坐个体的肢体状况， 通常表现为踝关节水肿、静脉曲张和 浅表静脉反流。常规诊断 触诊和多普勒超声等技术提供 定量有限，不适合连续 监测。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种可穿戴监测 系统嵌入智能袜内，采用灵活的 电容式拉伸传感器可实现实时测量 踝关节围和静脉动态评估 功能。定制设计的电容传感电路 基于运算放大器开发， 强调小型化、低噪音和扩展 电池寿命。该系统表现出优异的 性能，线性度为 0.9994，漂移率为 5.72×10⁻³ %/min，信噪比 （SNR） 74.77 分贝。涉及活动性踝关节的临床验证 背屈证实了系统准确无误的能力 跟踪动态变化并一致地计算弹出 分数 （EF）——静脉回流的关键指标——与 变异系数 

Keywords: DNA Nanotechnology, Nano-biomedicine
Abstract: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung cancer, continues to present a poor prognosis despite conventional therapies. Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, has shown effectiveness in treating NSCLC by inducing DNA crosslinking to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. However, its therapeutic utility is frequently limited by substantial side effects, cytotoxicity, and the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). This paper explores a targeted drug delivery strategy employing Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures (TDNs) to enhance cisplatin’s therapeutic efficacy while minimizing its adverse effects on healthy tissues. TDNs, with their high biocompatibility, stability, and functionalisable surface properties, present a promising platform for targeted drug delivery. The TDNs are engineered to carry cisplatin and are conjugated with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific antibody, cetuximab, to target NSCLC cells specifically. This approach aims to utilise EGFR overexpression on NSCLC cells, directing TDNs precisely to cancer sites, where cisplatin is released via pH-sensitive linkers in the acidic tumour microenvironment. Preliminary simulations indicate that TDNs maintain structural integrity until reaching the target site, enabling localised cisplatin release. These insights suggest that TDN-mediated cisplatin delivery may offer a controlled approach to overcoming MDR and reducing systemic toxicity in NSCLC.

Keywords: Nano-biomedicine, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Modeling & Simulation
Abstract: This paper investigates the propagation characteristics of terahertz (THz, 0.1–10 THz) and microwave (500 MHz–20 GHz) signals through cardiac tissues to enable nanoscale biomedical diagnostic systems. Using the Double Debye model with parameters extracted from ovine heart tissue datasets, we analyzed spreading, absorption, and total path loss across six representative tissues. Results show that microwave signals experience path loss below 60 dB for 1 mm tissue thickness at 5 GHz, supporting reliable implant-to-skin communication, while THz signals—despite higher attenuation—retain transmittance up to 90% enabling high-resolution, near-field cardiac sensing and communication. These findings establish the complementary use of both frequency bands for future hybrid cardiac monitoring systems.

Keywords: Modeling & Simulation, Nanomaterials
Abstract: This paper presents the modeling and simulation of a bio-inspired nanoscale sensor utilizing a 32nm Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) architecture for enhanced biomolecular detection. Leveraging the unique electrical properties and high surface-to-volume ratio of semiconducting carbon nanotubes, the proposed sensor emulates biological recognition mechanisms to achieve selective and sensitive response to target analytes. A comprehensive device-level simulation was conducted using the Stanford CNTFET model in a 32nm technology node, incorporating biomolecule-induced charge variations as gate work-function modulation. The results demonstrate a distinct threshold voltage shift of 78 mV upon biomolecular binding, corresponding to a measurable increase in drain current by 21.4% compared to baseline. The sensor also exhibits excellent subthreshold swing behavior (SS ≈ 65 mV/dec) and low leakage current, highlighting its potential for ultra-low-power biosensing applications. The bio-inspired sensing mechanism enhances selectivity without requiring complex surface functionalization. These findings underscore the suitability of CNTFET-based architectures in next-generation nano-biosensors for real-time, label-free detection of biomolecules with high precision. Future work includes experimental validation and integration with CMOS platforms for point-of-care diagnostic systems.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Nano-biomedicine, Nanometrology & Characterization
Abstract: Recent advances in rodent research increasingly rely on non-invasive imaging techniques to limit animal sacrifices, monitor treatment effects longitudinally, and better understand disease progression. In studies involving cancer, neurology, or regenerative medicine, the demand for dual-mode imaging agents has become critical, enabling both anatomical resolution via MRI and cellular level tracking through fluorescence microscopy. Here we are reporting the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel liposome nanoplatform comprising carbon quantum dots (cQDs) conjugated with gadolinium (Gd), engineered to serve as a dual-imaging contrast agent with antioxidant properties. It was characterized using TEM, DLS, zeta potential analysis, FTIR, UV–Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The system demonstrated stable vesicle morphology, retained fluorescence post encapsulation, and negative surface charge, indicating colloidal stability. MTT assay in Vero cells confirmed high cytocompatibility across a relevant concentration range. Additionally, antioxidant activity was validated via radical scavenging assays, suggesting auxiliary therapeutic benefit. This dual-mode system, integrating Gd for T1-weighted MRI with fluorescent cQDs, offers a promising platform for animal imaging applications where repeated invasive procedures or euthanasia are impractical. It can facilitate real time biodistribution analysis, monitor therapeutic responses over time, and minimize animal usage by enabling intra subject tracking across multiple treatment stages. With further in vivo validation, this nanoplatform may support more humane and data rich approaches to preclinical imaging, contributing to the evolution of precision diagnostics and longitudinal animal research.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Fundamentals and applications of nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and other low dimensional materials, Nanomaterials

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Modeling & Simulation, Quantum, Neuromorphic & Unconventional Computing
Abstract: An increasing variety of technological applications leans on the processing of large quantities of data using neural networks (NN’s). From a hardware point of view, the sheer volume of data that needs to be processed poses a critical challenge in keeping up with computational demands. Combining in-memory and analog computing can bypass the limited memory-bandwidth that bottlenecks efficiency of Von Neumann architectures. Oscillatory neural networks (ONN’s), for example, encode data in relative phase differences within a network of interconnected oscillators, whose interactions through various coupling mechanisms can emulate a dynamic relaxation behavior that can be used to compute. Such alternative computing paradigm can push the boundaries of performance of artificial NN’s within the low power and resource-constraints of edge computing, as well as decrease the global environmental impact of NN usage.

CMOS implementations of ONNs have been demonstrated to be effective at training and inference tasks. However, for large scale ONNs to truly outperform the mature technology of CMOS processors, it is essential to reduce the scale and complexity of individual oscillators while robustly controlling their behavior. Relaxation oscillators based on Vanadium Dioxide (VO2) offer compact fabrication opportunities. The volatile transitions between metallic and insulator states of VO2 can be utilized to produce sustained oscillations, the characteristics of which are, however, highly sensitive to device variability. The aim of this work is to define the biasing conditions under which frequency variations are minimized and oscillation frequencies are maximized. Moreover, the impact of these biasing conditions on the Phase Transfer Function (PTF) of two coupled oscillators is investigated. To achieve this, we characterize both standalone and coupled oscillators dynamics through SPICE circuit simulation using compact models and experimental verification. Our findings provide insight on the interplay between oscillator frequencies and PTFs that can be shaped optimally to advance ONN performance and suit computational needs of applied NN’s.

Keywords: Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Spintronics, Modeling & Simulation
Abstract: Racetrack Memory holds tremendous potential as a viable replacement for traditional CMOS memory due to its non- volatility, energy efficiency, endurance, and scalability. Promising technologies like shift-reliable computing and processing-in-memory (PuM) need the count of parallel and antiparallel domains along the specific zones of the DWM nanowire. This paper proposes a novel technique to read the total number of parallel and antiparallel domains in a multi-bit synthetic antiferromagnetic RT 4.0 memory sequence. Using detailed micromagnetic simulation with the LLG micromagnetic simulator, we demonstrate the improvement of sensing margin for a four-bit read system from 28.4mV of multi-domain regular MTJ to 98.95mV of synthetic AFM RT 4.0 structure. Our simulation data, supported by an analytical model, allows us to read an 8-bit consecutive system with a 50.32mV sense margin. Also, this method ensures that we can appropriately detect the number of 1’s in a five-bit system even if they are not physically connected.

Keywords: Nanoenergy, Environment & Safety, Nanomaterials, Nanofabrication
Abstract: Large-capacity and long-cycling-life anode for solid-state-electrolyte based lithium-ion battery is highly desirable. Alternate coatings of silicon and nickel on sintered solid-state electrolyte Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 (LLZNO) have been demonstrated to serve as an excellent anode for lithium-ion battery, which uses lithium metal as the cathode with a small amount of liquid electrolyte added between the cathode and the LLZNO. Copper is deposited on the Ni/Si anode to serve as a current collector. The Ni/Si anode retains 87.5% capacity after 300 cycles of charge and discharge exceeding the performance of pure Si anode significantly. The roles of a porous LLZNO surface and the formation of nickel silicide provide enhanced physical integrity of the anode as well as crack-resistant and highly adhesive anode to the solid-state electrolyte leading to a long cycling life and high storage capacity retention rate for future solid-state lithium-ion battery.

Keywords: Nanoenergy, Environment & Safety
Abstract: This paper investigates the use of KJCMPA100, a sustainable solvent, as an alternative to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for fabricating LiNi₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂ (NMC811) cathodes using the spray-jetting technique. Cathode films with thicknesses of 90 µm and 120 µm were fabricated and characterized for their morphology, adhesion, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance. The use of sustainable KJCMPA100 solvent enabled the fabrication of uniform, crack-free NMC811 electrodes. Results demonstrated strong adhesion (ASTM 4B-3B), while electronic conductivity was measured to be approximately 44 S/m. Electrochemical analysis showed specific capacities of 192 mAh/g and 191 mAh/g for 90 µm and 120 µm electrodes, respectively, at a 0.1C discharging rate. The study highlights KJCMPA100 combined with spray-jetting as a viable and scalable method for sustainable battery manufacturing.

Keywords: Nanoenergy, Environment & Safety, Nanometrology & Characterization, Nanofabrication
Abstract: Limited mobile network coverage in rural and infrastructure-poor regions continues to hinder digital access and communication. Traditional cellular systems depend on costly, fixed infrastructure, making them unsuitable for such areas. This paper proposes a communication framework wherein mobile devices are equipped with nanoantenna arrays and lightweight AI modules, enabling device-to-device communication through a self-organizing mesh network. These nanoscale antennas allow for short-range, high-frequency links, while embedded AI handles signal processing and dynamic routing. The proposed system organically expands coverage without relying on towers or satellites. A modular communication architecture is presented along with a graph-based mathematical model, lightweight federated and reinforcement learning protocol, and a simulation-backed implementation plan. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation with existing mesh communication standards and a discussion on the ethical and socio-technical implications are included.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanomaterials, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: We present a fully water-processed, lithography-free photodetector that combines few-layer graphene (Gr) flakes with multi-walled tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanotubes in a single ecofriendly dispersion. Two sequential drop-casts of Gr/WS2 solution onto 100 µm polyethylene-terephthalate form a percolating hybrid film. Under illumination the devices exhibit linear photoconductive behaviour; the photocurrent rises from 2.0 nA at 1 V to 13.4 nA at 3 V, yielding a bias tunable responsivity of 0.05–0.22 µA W1 and fast response times of about 200 ms. The results are consistent with a distributed, network-level mechanism in which photocarriers generated in WS₂ nanotubes are extracted across numerous Gr/WS₂ nanojunctions via the graphene scaffold, yielding a predominantly photoconductive response with minor photogating and bolometric contributions. The low bias operation, mechanical flexibility and absence of toxic solvents indicate that Gr/WS2 nanotube dispersions are a viable route toward roll-to-roll fabrication of large-area, bias-controllable photodetectors for wearable or disposable optoelectronic platforms.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanofabrication
Abstract: We demonstrated a miniaturized sensor for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-antibodies using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes and AAO functionalized waveguides. The nanofluidic pores within the AAO template were treated with different reagents to immobilize the antigen that can efficiently capture the primary target antibody. The AAO surface was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and glutaraldehyde (GA) surface and then used to immobilize the antigen probe, the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. In the format of an indirect immunoassay, the coated AAO was used to capture the target immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies, followed by labeling with a Cy-3 modified secondary antibody. A 15x enhancement of fluorescence signal was found when using the AAO-based sensor compared to a non-porous glass substrate, due to the large surface area of AAO. A IgG detection sensitivity in the range of a pg/mL was achieved. Tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) optical waveguides were fabricated with a top-cladding nanoporous AAO layer through a direct anodization process. The same surface functionalization and immobilization were applied on the AAO loaded optical waveguides. The enhancement effect due to the nanoporous AAO layer was modeled using the finite difference method (FDM), and detection of the IgG antibody was demonstrated. Our AAO-waveguide provides a platform for chip-scale immunosensors combining the advantages of a large nanoporous surface and miniaturized photonic sensing component.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Modeling & Simulation
Abstract: Future generations of ultra high-speed analog to digital convertors require the use of opto-electronics to realize over 40 GSPS with 10 effective number of bits [1]. Our demonstrated approach of optical polymers that are synthesized using electro-optic chromophores (CPO-1) on NOA65 [2] with a greater sensitivity than LiNbO3 are improved using slow wave structures of 1D-PhC. RF electrode design improvement was reported using Si-railing and high-k materials [3], where a higher electric field are attained without optical loss due to placement of metallic electrodes. However, integrated opto-electronic circuits require broad bandwidths by velocity matching electrical and optical paths to attain a flat group delay tGD=L/vg where vg=c/ng and ng~dk/d. A slow-wave structure of 1-D PhC demonstrates nonlinear dispersion when λ is near a band edge using optical periodicity of 470nm with air fill factors of 0.5 for spatial light modulators (SLM) and 0.1 for phase modulators (PM). This paper introduces optical modulator design improvements using a more sensitive electro-optic chromophore in JRD-1 with reo of 273 pm/V at 1550nm, leading to reduced Vπ. This results in a reduction of Vπ by a factor of about 2 while also assisting in the velocity match to the electrical aspect of the modulator. Moreover, for spatial light sampling applications, deflection angles are also enhanced which enables a higher effective number of bits as log2(Δθ/δθ) where total annular sweep angle Δθ is increased because of the more sensitive modulator compared to leaky wave δθ. Moreover, a higher electric field concentration over modulation length is attained using linear down tapering of high-k structures. OptiWave BPM and FDTD also suggest enhanced design performance lowers optical loss through the optical modulator, improved RF electric field and reduced Vπ, and broad flat group delay with down-tapering of high-k (Si3N4) slot lines, as depicted in Fig. 1.

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Modeling & Simulation
Abstract: Frequency stabilization of oscillators is critical for accurate clocking in ultra high-speed digital data throughput and coherent detection systems in remote sensing [1]. The process of self-injection locking (SIL) and self-phase-locking loop (SPLL) provides phase noise reduction inversely proportional to the delay of the feedback element [2]. An optical approach becomes favorable for generating ultra-stable microwave clocks with femto-second-level timing jitter. Traditional systems use fiber optic delay lines (FODL) for feedback. However, FODL are bulky, not compatible with integrated opto-electronic silicon photonics (SiP) chips, and performance can be impacted from environmental factors. Optical add-drop-filter (ADF) based delay [3] enables fully integrated self-forced opto-electronic oscillator design that does not suffer from back reflection induced multi-modal oscillation experienced in km-long optical fiber delay lines. This paper introduces performance comparison of self-forced multi-mode laser (MML) [1] with inter-modal oscillation frequency of 40 GHz using various group delays of the cascaded 2D-PhC ADF based ring resonator with defect used to tune on-resonance wavelength, depicted in Fig. 1a. The performance comparison of the 40 GHz MML free-running OEO and self-forced with multiple feedback loop is depicted in Fig. 1b. Cascading of 70 2-D PhC ADF with optimized cell design [3] results in 1.2-s delay by occupying a chip size of about 0.1 cm2, where optical delay is approximately equivalent to that of a 240-m SMF-28 fiber mandril with over 40 cm in diameter. Inter-modulation spurs generated in long optical fibers due to optical back-reflections are absent in integrated SiP based 2D-PhC ADF. These spurious oscillation peaks are further reduced by employing anharmonic delays through the SIL and SPLL paths [4]. Multiple delays of the dual-SIL approach reduce timing jitter and suppress spurious peaks, as tabulated in Fig. 1c, where the simulated results are better than the measured FODL based self-forced OEO results reported elsewhere [1].

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: Water-borne aldehydes pose a growing threat to ecosystems and public health. Formaldehyde (CH₂O) and acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) enter surface waters through industrial effluent, agricultural runoff, and phytoplankton metabolism; ingestion of contaminated water or aquatic organisms can lead to respiratory irritation, dermal sensitization, and carcinogenesis. This study demonstrates a silver-nanoparticle-enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform for trace detection of these aldehydes in water. Colloidal Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs; 10–100 nm) were screened to identify the optimum enhancer for each analyte; 100 nm AgNPs maximized the formaldehyde signal, whereas 20 nm particles were optimal for acetaldehyde. Characteristic carbonyl-stretch bands at 1720 cm⁻¹ (formaldehyde) and 1746 cm⁻¹ (acetaldehyde) were monitored over a concentration range of 3.77 × 10⁻⁴ to 7 × 10⁻¹⁰ g L⁻¹. Calibration curves were linear (high R² value), and the platform achieved a limit of detection of 0.0007 µg L⁻¹ for both analytes, two orders of magnitude below WHO guideline values. The results confirm SERS coupled with size-selected AgNPs as a highly sensitive, field-deployable method for monitoring aldehyde contamination in aquatic environments.

Keywords — Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS); silver nanoparticles; formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; water pollution

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanomaterials, Nanometrology & Characterization
Abstract: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and its incidence has been steadily increasing in recent years. It is particularly concerning because many patients are diagnosed at later stages when the disease is more difficult to treat. Thus, developing an early detection method is critical for improving outcomes. Polyamines like putrescine are often elevated in various cancers due to the increased cell proliferation and metabolism characteristic of tumorigenesis. Accumulating evidence of our research demonstrated that blood and urine putrescine could be used as a non-invasive method for RCC early detection. However, the current methods for putrescine measurement are slow, costly, and require many steps of laboratory work. To provide better solutions for this clinical challenge, in this innovative research, a novel nano-analysis method has been explored through Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) with the use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). This nano-analysis method has the advantages of simplicity, low cost, fast in a few minutes, high sensitivity and the potential to be a point of care device. In this project, we demonstrate the analysis of trace of Putrescine achieved enhanced SERS Raman data for the trace concentration detection. We have tested this new nano analysis method with synthetic blood samples. Results show that SERS has potential as a new nanotechnology as a quick screening method of RCC in the future for patients.

Keywords: Renal Cell Carcinoma, SERS, Putrescine, Silver nanoparticles, Early diagnosis

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Emerging Plasma Nanotechnologies
Abstract: Oral cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with early detection critical for improving patient outcomes. Current diagnostic methods, such as invasive biopsies, often fail to identify early-stage lesions. This study tested the hypothesis that salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine elevated in oral malignancies, could serve as a biomarker for early oral cancer detection using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We developed a calibration curve targeting IL-6 concentrations (1.56–200 pg/mL) in water and artificial saliva, leveraging SERS peaks at 845 cm⁻¹ and 1130 cm⁻¹. In water, Au NP-enhanced SERS achieved strong signal enhancement and good linear correlations between Raman intensity and IL-6 concentration. However, linearity broke down in artificial saliva, rendering the method unsuitable for salivary diagnostics. We speculate that the 845 cm⁻¹ and 1130 cm⁻¹ peaks, characteristic of protein peptide backbones, lack specificity to IL-6, likely due to interference from other salivary proteins. These findings highlight challenges in salivary biomarker detection using SERS. Future efforts will focus on identifying more unique IL-6 Raman shifts and exploring additional salivary biomarkers specific to oral cancer.

Keywords— Oral cancer, SERS, Serum IL-6, Salivary biomarker

Keywords: Nano-optics, Nano-photonics & Nano-optoelectronics, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) when excited by visible light due to the collective and coherent oscillations of conduction band electrons at the Au surface. Once the gold nanoparticles are dispersed in a liquid medium or immobilized on a solid support, the LSPR peak wavelength is essentially fixed and given by the Fröhlich resonance condition i.e. Re(εAu) = −2εm for a spherical Au NP with permittivity εAu surrounded by a medium with an optical permittivity of εm. Such “passive” plasmon resonances are widely used in nanophotonics and optoelectronics as optical antennas, refractive index sensors and hot carrier generators. However, emerging technologies such as on-chip optical interconnects with signal restoring integrated amplifiers, tunable surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, optical modulators and reconfigurable optics require “active” plasmon resonances where the LSPR is controllable through electrical or electrochemical bias. Plasmochromism is a physical phenomenon which enables “active” control of the LSPR by surrounding the plasmonic NP with an electrochromic medium whose optical permittivity can be varied by applying a suitable voltage bias. We successfully fabricated and tested plasmochromic devices which used vacuum deposited Au nanoislands (AuNIs) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass slides as the plasmonic substrate and 2 different conjugated polymers as electrochromic media. A maximum plasmochromic modulation depth of 30 nm was achieved. The 1st polymer we used was poly[3-methylthiophene] (P3HT) and the 2nd polymer used was poly[6-indolecarboxylic acid] (PICA). Interestingly, we observed opposing plasmochromic shifts with the two polymers while using the same lithium salt-containing polymer gel electrolyte. For AuNIs coated with a thin shell of P3MT, application of a positive bias blue-shifted the LSPR peak to shorter wavelengths while a negative bias red-shifted the LSPR peak to longer wavelengths, and PICA-coated AuNIs showed the opposite behavior.

Keywords: Nanodiamond and nanocarbon structures: materials and devices, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems
Abstract: Laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes offer a cost-effective and scalable platform for electrochemical sensors utilizing a three-electrode system. This study presents a systematic approach to optimize LIG electrode geometry by varying the reference electrode (RE) size while keeping the working (WE) and counter electrode (CE) geometries constant. LIG electrodes were fabricated by CO₂ laser scribing on polyimide substrates with the scan rate of 80 mm/s and power of 6.9 W, yielding a sheet resistance of 45 ± 5 Ω/□. The RE area was varied from 0.5 mm2 to 2.0 mm2 with increments of 0.5 mm2, and the areas of WE and CE were fixed to 8.79 mm2 and 13.32 mm2, respectively (Fig. 1). The electrochemical characterization was done by measuring cyclic voltammetry (CV) with 1 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] in 1 M KCl electrolyte, and the corresponding oxidation and reduction peak currents were plotted as shown in Fig. 2. The oxidation peak current averaged 54.2 μA with a coefficient of variation of 11.0%, while the reduction peak current averaged −59.1 μA with a coefficient of variation of 8.9%, based on four replicates per RE area. These results indicate that the RE area has no significant effect on the peak current within practical fabrication limits. Further investigation can be carried out by varying the gap between the CE and WE, keeping the RE area and geometry constant to enhance the performance of the LIG electrodes. This optimization strategy supports the development of reliable, miniaturized, and scalable electrochemical sensor platforms suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and other portable sensing applications.

Keywords: Nanofabrication, Fundamentals and applications of nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and other low dimensional materials, Nanomaterials
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known for their exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, making them suitable for high-frequency electronic applications. However, their typical growth temperature of over 700℃ has previously hindered their widespread integration into electronics. This presentation introduces an innovative vertically aligned CNT (VACNT)-based add-on technology that overcomes the limitations of high growth temperatures for integrating CNTs into electronic devices. The developed VACNT transfer technology operates at CMOS-compatible temperatures (<300℃), making it compatible with current semiconductor fabrication processes [1]. This technology allows for the creation of complex 3D geometric shapes and addresses challenges associated with traditional physical and chemical transfer methods. The optimizations of the technology features improvements in yield, repeatability, and conformability through techniques like water etching, the use of spacers, and switching to gold (Au) for thermocompression bonding and patterned VACNT growth [2]. This research focuses on deploying VACNTs in 3D passive devices and isolation structures to enhance electromagnetic interference (EMI) isolation and signal propagation in high-frequency domains. The efficacy of VACNT-based devices has been validated through both simulation and experimental results. Specific applications highlighted include electromagnetic (EM) shielding and air-filled waveguides. For EM shielding, VACNTs offer a promising alternative to conventional metallic fence walls, providing a 10 dB increase in RF isolation while requiring only 1/5 of the area and being 40% lighter than conventional metallic structures. In VACNT-based air-filled waveguides, S-parameter measurements show an S21 of approximately -3 dB and an S11 below -10 dB between 75 GHz and 110 GHz [3]. The demonstrated advantages in RF isolation, weight reduction, and performance consistency underscore the significant potential of VACNT-based solutions in advanced electronic systems, paving the way for further advancing CNT-based technology for 3D heterogeneous integration, nano-packaging, and interconnect applications.

Keywords: Nanofabrication, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators, Nanomaterials
Abstract: Recently considerable research has focused on innovative environmentally sustainable low-cost printable electronics via additive manufacturing with solution-based semiconductor materials [1]. The need for inexpensive sensors is increasing as demand grows for real-time environmental monitoring in urban/remote settings [2]. Here, we present results of gas and light sensors printed on low-cost flexible substrates using zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle inks prepared via mechanochemical processing [3], where the optical properties of ZnO coupled with tunable surface states are advantageous for sensing [4]. Our approach employs an eco-friendly solution-based method and planetary ball milling (PBM) for printing ZnO inks: ZnO powder was first subjected to PBM in a solvent to create a nanoparticle suspension. An adjustable thin film blade applicator is then used to deposit the resulting ink (~60 wt%). The thin films were characterized using Raman/UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fig. 1a shows an SEM image of a typical film with densely packed, polyhedral ZnO nanoparticles, whose size varied with milling conditions. The Raman spectrum has a strong peak near 437 cm-1, corresponding to wurtzite ZnO; UV-Vis exhibited absorption near 370 nm, consistent with the bulk band gap energy. Two-terminal sensor results for ZnO thin films printed on paper are shown in Fig. 1b: Photoconductance measurements under visible light pulses showed a rise and decay in current associated with desorption/adsorption of surface oxygen species in ZnO that act as donors [4]. Similarly, chemiresistive gas sensor response upon exposure to different species allowed effective detection at room temperature. Sensor response could be tuned via mechanochemical milling conditions. This work contributes to the growing field of sustainable materials for scalable printed electronics and sensors that do not require high-temperature processing or toxic reagents. The green approach presented opens new possibilities for wearable and more accessible low-cost environmental sensing devices on flexible substrates.

Keywords: Nanorobotics & Nanomanufacturing, Modeling & Simulation, Nanosensors & Nanoactuatuators
Abstract: This work presents a novel, simulation-driven framework for biomimetic nanobots aimed at sustainable soil remediation of heavy metal contaminants. The proposed design integrates a graphene-based capsule for structural stability, a gold nanostructure–CNT sensing interface for selective ion detection, a compartmental pseudo-organelle system for enzymatic neutralization, DNA–polystyrene bead actuators under optical-tweezer excitation for locomotion, and a CNT based nanosensor port to enable environmental monitoring in a NanoIoT-inspired architecture.

Preliminary simulations validate the feasibility of the gold–CNT sensing interface and DNA–polystyrene actuator dynamics, with ongoing modelling of pseudo-organelle functionality and nanosensor integration using VMD, NAMD, LAMMPS, Python, and MATLAB. In addition, partial biochemical validation of nickel ion species (Ni²⁺ components such as NiSO₄·6H₂O and NiCl₂) in leguminous plants was carried out, guiding the spatial positioning of the gold nanolens and nanosensor port for improved environmental selectivity. The simulation first-strategy is adopted to reduce nanomaterial waste in early design.

A technology readiness assessment (TRL 1–4) positions the modules across different levels: gold–CNT sensing (TRL 3–4, simulation-validated), DNA polystyrene actuators (TRL 2–3, preliminary modelling), pseudo-organelle neutralization (TRL 2, conceptual modelling), NanoIoT CNT port (TRL 2, literature-backed concept with partial plant-ion validation), and biodegradability/self destruction (TRL 1, principal formulation).

Keywords: Nanoscale Communications and Nanonetworks, Nanofabrication, Commercializing nanotechnology
Abstract: Limited mobile network coverage in rural and infrastructure-poor regions continues to hinder digital access and communication. Traditional cellular systems depend on costly, fixed infrastructure, making them unsuitable for such areas. This paper proposes a communication framework wherein mobile devices are equipped with graphene-based or plasmonic nanoantenna arrays and lightweight AI modules, enabling device-to-device communication through a self-organizing mesh network. The communication topology is structured as a time-varying undirected graph, where each vertex denotes a device and each edge denotes a link based on signal strength. The dynamic nature of node movement leads to constant topology changes. To manage routing under such conditions, the model includes a Q-learning mechanism per device node. Devices autonomously select routing paths that maximize packet delivery success while minimizing energy usage and latency. These nanoscale antennas allow for short- range, high-frequency links, while embedded AI handles signal processing and dynamic routing. Each mobile device executes a reinforcement learning model with the following components: states representing neighboring signal conditions, actions being routing decisions, and rewards calculated based on successful transmission and energy cost. The agent learns an optimal routing policy over time using Q-updates. AI-based learning algorithms can manage complex dynamic environments. The system shows energy efficiency (up to 71.7% less consumption in simulation), hop-count performance (2.1 average hops vs 3.7 for AODV), and reduced latency (mean of 80ms vs 150ms for Bluetooth Mesh). The proposed system organically expands coverage without relying on towers or satellites. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation with existing mesh communication standards and a discussion on the ethical and socio-technical implications are included.

Keywords: Modeling & Simulation, Nanoelectronics: Emerging material and device challenges in futuristic systems, Nanomaterials
Abstract: In this work, we investigate the electron mobility of monolayer Germanane (GeH) under spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and strain by first-principles calculations combined with Kubo-Greenwood mobility approach and compact band model. Biaxial tensile strain decreases effective mass of monolayer GeH, resulting in an increase in electron mobility enhancement about 35%.